The guide to the Woodpeckers of Texas and Oklahoma includes the twelve (12) species of woodpeckers, flickers, and sapsuckers known to occur in the Lone Star and Sooner states. This comprehensive guide features detailed species accounts with information on identification, habitat, range, behavior, food, nesting, breeding, lifespan, population status, and conservation concerns. The accounts are accompanied by custom-made ID images, making it a valuable resource for both novice and experienced bird enthusiasts.
- Key Habitat Types and Woodpecker Diversity in Texas and Oklahoma
- Woodpecker, Sapsucker, and Flickers
- Woodpecker, Sapsuckers, and Flickers of Texas and Oklahoma (twelve (12) Species)
- Ecological role of Woodpeckers, Sapsuckers, and Flickers in the Ecosystems of Texas and Oklahoma
- Adaptation to Disturbances
- Woodpecker-Human Interactions in Texas and Oklahoma
- Threats to Woodpeckers, Sapsuckers, and Flickers in Texas and Oklahoma

Key Habitat Types and Woodpecker Diversity in Texas and Oklahoma
Texas and Oklahoma host a diverse array of woodpecker species due to their varied habitats and geographical location. The states’ woodpecker diversity is closely tied to four main habitat types: the Northeastern Forest, the southern extension of the Great Plains, the North American Desert, and a portion of the Eastern Temperate Forest.
Texas, with its 12 woodpecker species, boasts a particularly high diversity. This richness is attributed not only to the main habitat types within the state but also to Texas’s southern location. Its proximity to Mexico allows for the presence of woodpecker species that reach their northernmost range limit in the state, further contributing to its high woodpecker diversity. While Oklahoma has fewer woodpecker species than Texas, it still maintains a significant diversity due to its varied habitats.
Woodpecker, Sapsucker, and Flickers
The 12 species featured in this guide belong to the avian family Picidae, which encompasses woodpeckers, sapsuckers, and flickers. They are classified into four groups based on their taxonomic affinities, as follows:

Melanerpini (Melanerpes) Group: Include medium size woodpeckers and sapsuckers with colorful plumages.
- Acorn Woodpecker
- Red-bellied Woodpecker
- Golden-fronted Woodpecker
- Williamson’s Sapsucker
- Yellow-bellied Sapsucker
- Red-naped Sapsucker
Campetherini (Picoides) Group: Small to medium-sized woodpeckers with black upperparts, often with white barring, and white underparts.
- Downy Woodpecker
- Hairy Woodpecker
- Ladder-backed Woodpecker
- Red-cockaded Woodpecker
Colaptini (Colaptes) Group: Medium-sized woodpeckers with predominantly brown barred and spotted plumages with brightly colored underwings.
- Northern Flicker
Campephilini (Dryocopus) Group: Large woodpeckers with bold black and white plumage.
- Pileated Woodpecker
See also other Regional Guides to the Woodpeckers of North America
Woodpecker, Sapsuckers, and Flickers of Texas and Oklahoma (twelve (12) Species)
Acorn Woodpecker

Identification: Acorn Woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus) have black backs, white faces, and red caps. Males have more red on their crowns than females. In flight, they display white wing patches.
Habitat: Open woodlands, including oak and pine-oak woodlands. Commonly found in mountainous areas where oak trees are present.
Range: The Acorn Woodpecker occur only in a small portion of the Southwest Texas. They do occur in the State of Oklahoma.
Movements: Year-round resident.
Behavior: Found in family groups that cooperate to raise young, gather and store food, and guard their territory.
Food: Acorns and insects. They catch insects in mid air, store acorns in holes they drill in tree granaries.
Nest: Excavate multiple cavities in trees for nesting and roosting. Cavities are typically around 6 inches in diameter and may be 8 inches to 2 feet deep.
Breeding: Breeding months: March through late October. Clutch size: 3–6. Egg color: white. May have 1–2 broods per year. Incubation period: 11 days. Nestling period: 31days.
Lifespan: The approximate lifespan of an Acorn Woodpecker is at least 17 years and 3 months.
How many are there?: The global breeding population is estimated to be 7.5 million.
Conservation: IUCN status is Least Concern.
Red-bellied Woodpecker

Identification: The Red-bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus) has black and white barring on the back and wings and light warm brown on the sides of the head, breast, and belly. The red on the lower belly is not conspicuous.
Habitat: The Red-bellied Woodpecker is the most widespread of all woodpeckers in the region. It is found just about anywhere with trees, in deciduous woodlands and semi-open habitats. It is also common in forested suburban areas.
Range: The Red-bellied Woodpecker occurs in the eastern half of Texas and all of Oklahoma. Its range overlaps with that of the similar Golden-fronted Woodpecker along a vertical band in Central Texas. The Golden-fronted Woodpecker occupies the western half of the state. Both species hybridize in the area of overlap.
Movements: It is considered a year-round resident but in some years wanders outside its regular range in search of food.
Behavior: Red-bellied woodpeckers hitch along trunks and branches of trees, usually alone. They do more picking at the bark to find insects than drilling into it. It has a characteristic undulating flight pattern.
Food: Red-bellied woodpeckers have a mixed diet that includes invertebrates and plant-based food. They eat spiders, beetles, acorns, berries, and seeds. They can even eat small lizards if they can catch them.
Nest: Red-bellied woodpeckers excavate their cavities in dead wood. Nest cavities are approximately 27 cm deep and typically have a round entrance hole of about 11 cm in diameter. It is one of the few woodpeckers that take nesting boxes.
Breeding: Breeding months: early April through mid-September. Clutch size: 2-6 eggs. Incubation period: 12 days. Nestling period: 26 days.
Lifespan: Red-bellied woodpeckers live at least 12 years and 3 months.
How many are there?: The estimated number of red-bellied woodpeckers in North America is 16 million.
Conservation: Considered a species of Least Concern (IUCN).
Golden-fronted Woodpecker

Identification: Male and female golden-fronted woodpeckers (Melanerpes aurifrons) have orange-yellow on the nape and forehead. Males have a bright red crown, while juveniles have a dusky crown. Adult birds show a yellow wash on the belly.
Habitat: Favors deciduous forest and arid scrub. It is well adapted to urban areas where it is often a common bird.
Range: The Golden-fronted Woodpecker occurs in most of the western half of Texas and only part of western Oklahoma. Its range overlaps with that of the similar Red-bellied Woodpecker along a vertical band in Central Texas and western Oklahoma. The Red-belly Woodpecker occupies the eastern half of Texas and most of Oklahoma. Both species hybridize in the area of overlap.
Movements: Year-raound resident.
Behavior: It is aggressive and often dominant over most other birds at feeders. Submissive only to common grackles and crows.
Food: Golden-fronted Woodpeckers have a rather flexible diet. They eat all types of insects, berries, seeds, and even small lizards.
Nest: Golden-fronted woodpeckers excavate their cavities in dead wood. Nest cavities are approximately 27 cm deep and typically have a round entrance hole of about 11 cm in diameter.
Breeding: Breeding months: mid-March through July. Clutch size: 3-6 eggs, Egg color: White, Incubation period: 13 days, Nestling period: 28-30 days.
Lifespan: Golden-fronted woodpeckers live at least 6 years.
How many are there?: According to Partners in Flight, the approximate size of the Golden-fronted Woodpecker population is of 5.3 million.
Conservation: It is considered a species of least concern.
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker

Identification: The Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius) has a black and white back with a characteristic solid white wing patch. The belly is mostly white. Males have a red cap and throat while females have a white throat. Juveniles have a brownish-gray color pattern.
Habitat: It favors hardwood and coniferous woodlands. It is fairly common in semi-open forested suburban areas.
Range: Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers are non breeding visitors (Fall and Winter) in Texas and Oklahoma.
Movements: The Yellow-bellied Sapsucker is one of the few highly migratory woodpeckers. Its wintering grounds include southern U.S., Mexico, West Indies, and Central America.
Behavior: The Yellow-bellied Sapsucker clings to trunks and branches of trees, usually alone. It typically drills rows of sap wells into tree bark to obtain sap. Its typical drumming sounds like morse code.
Food: The Yellow-bellied Sapsucker relies on sap as the main food source. It drills rows of sap wells into tree bark to harvest the content. It also eats ants and spiders and catches insects in the air. They also eat fruit.
Nest: Yellow-bellied sapsuckers excavate their cavities in dead wood. Cavities can be excavated in 2-3 weeks and are approximately 10 inches deep. The entrance hole is round, about 1.5 in diameter.
Breeding season: Breeding months: mid-May through mid-July. Clutch size: 4-6 eggs. Egg color: white. Incubation period: 12 days. Nestling period: 28 days.
Lifespan: Yellow-bellied sapsuckers live at least 7 years and 9 months.
How many are there?: The estimated number of yellow-bellied sapsuckers in North America is 14 million individuals.
Conservation: Considered a species of Least Concern (IUCN).
Williamson’s Sapsucker

Identification: Left off The male Williamson’s Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus thyroideus) is black with white wing patches, a yellow belly, and a red throat. Adult females are brown and white with black barring. Juveniles resemble duller versions of the adults.
Habitat: Open coniferous and mixed woodlands in mountains, especially mature forests with pine, larch, fir, Douglas-fir, and aspen, oak scrub, pinyon pine-juniper, and riparian forests.
Range: Williamson’s Sapsuckers are non-breeding (Fall and Winter) visitors in the mountains of extreme Western Texas. They do not occur in Oklahoma.
Movements: The Williamson’s Sapsuckers is a short and medium distance migrant. Some populations are year-round residents.
Behavior: Males establish territories before females arrive. Rather aggressive and territorial during the breeding period. May breed with a different partner every year.
Food: Sap and insects. Drills sap wells to obtain sap, also gleans insects from bark.
Nest: Cavity excavated in a live tree, often one with a fungal infection. The entrance hole is about 1.6 inches in diameter, and the cavity is about 3.6 inches across and 10.5 inches deep.
Breeding: Breeding months: April – August. Clutch size: 4-6. Egg color: glossy white. Incubation period: 12-14 days. Nestling period: about 32 days.
Lifespan: The lifespan of the Williamson’s Sapsucker is unknown.
How many are there?: The estimated global breeding population is 300,000.
Conservation: Considered a species of low concern (IUCN).
Red-naped Sapsucker

Identification: Adult Red-naped Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus nuchalis) are black and white with a red cap, and throat, and a white bar on the folded wing. Males have an entirely red chin, while females have a white patch on the chin.
Habitat: Prefers mixed forests composed of willow, aspen, birch, ponderosa pine, juniper, or Douglas-fir. They avoid oak or pine-oak forests during breeding but utilize them during migration and winter.
Range: Red-naped Sapsuckers are non-breeding visitors (Fall and Winter) in extreme western Texas. They do not occur in Oklahoma.
Movements: Considered a short-distance migrant that moves between the breeding and non-breeding grounds y a year cycle.
Behavior: They spend a significant amount of time defending their sap wells from other sapsuckers and other bird species.
Food: Insects and tree sap. They drill rows of sap wells into tree bark to access the sap, which they then lap up with their tongues.
Nest: Excavate cavities in live or dead trees. The entrance hole is approximately 1.5 inches in diameter. Males primarily excavate the cavity.
Breeding: Breeding months: April through mid August. Clutch size: 3-7 eggs. Egg color: white. Incubation period: 10 days. Nestling period: 28 days.
Lifespan: The oldest recorded Red-naped Sapsucker lived for at least 4 years and 11 months.
How many are there?: Partners in Flight estimates the global breeding population of Red-naped Sapsuckers to be around 2 million.
Conservation: The Red-naped Sapsucker is considered a species of Low Concern (IUCN).
Downy Woodpecker

Identification: The Downy Woodpecker (Dryobates pubescens) is a tiny black and white woodpecker. Males have a red spot on the nape, which is missing in the female. Note the relatively short bill.
Habitat: It favors deciduous woodlands. They also forage in tall bushes and landscape plants. They are common in semi-open woodlands in urban areas.
Range: The Downy Woodpecker is a year-round resident in the eastern third or Texas and all of Oklahoma.
Movements: Year-round resident within its entire range.
Behavior: Downy woodpeckers hitch acrobatically up, down, and around small branches and twigs, peeling and hammering into bark and wood for beetle larvae, ants, and other invertebrates.
Food: Downy Woodpeckers eat mainly insects that live inside the wood, as well as ants and caterpillars. Their diet also includes berries, acorns, and grains. They are frequent visitors of backyard bird feeders.
Nest: Downy woodpeckers excavate their cavities in dead wood in 1 to 3 weeks. Nest cavities are approximately 9 in deep and typically have a round entrance hole of about 1-1.5 in diameter.
Breeding season: Breeding months: early April through late July. Clutch size: 3-8 eggs. Egg color: white. Incubation period: 12 days. Nestling period: 19 days.
Lifespan: Downy woodpeckers live at least 11 years and 11 months.
How many are there?: The estimated number of downy woodpeckers in North America is 13 million.
Conservation: Considered a species of Least Concern (IUCN).
Hairy Woodpecker

Identification: The Hairy Woodpecker (Leuconotopicus villosus) has a black and white head, back, wings, and white underparts. Adult males have a red nape patch, which is missing in females. It is larger and longer-billed than the downy woodpecker.
Habitat: Hairy woodpeckers use a variety of forest types, but they tend to prefer mature forests where wood boring beetle larvae are readily found. It often concentrates in areas with many dead trees, particularly after burns. It occurs in suburban areas.
Range: The Hairy Woodpecker is a year-round resident in the eastern third or Texas and all of Oklahoma.
Movements: It is considered a year-round resident species.
Behavior: Hairy woodpeckers hitch along the trunk and branches at all heights, from near the ground to tree tops. It actively drills bark and deadwood to find beetle larvae.
Food: Hairy woodpeckers feed on mostly larvae of wood boring beetles, ants, and other invertebrates. A small part of its diet includes fruit and seeds. It is a frequent visitor to backyard bird feeders.
Nest: Hairy woodpeckers excavate their cavities in dead wood. Nest cavities are approximately 10 in deep and typically have a slightly oblong entrance hole of about 2 in high and 1.5 in wide.
Breeding season: Breeding months: mid-March through late July. Clutch size: 3-6 eggs. Egg color: white. Incubation period: 13 days. Nestling period: 29 days.
Lifespan: Hairy woodpeckers live at least 15 years and 11 months.
How many are there?: The estimated number of hairy woodpeckers in North America is 8.7 million.
Conservation: Considered a species of Least Concern (IUCN).
Ladder-backed Woodpecker

Identification: The Ladder-Backed Woodpecker (Dryobates scalaris) has a back barred with black and white but the sides of the breast and belly are spotted. The head is patterned. Adult males have a red crown and nape.
Range: The ladder-backed woodpecker is a year-round resident in in most of the State of Texas. It also occurs in the Southwest tip of Oklahoma.
Habitat: It favors desert scrub and dry forest formations including very dry habitats. It also uses riparian corridors. In parts of its range, Ladder-backed Woodpeckers use juniper and pinyon-juniper woodlands.
Movements: It is considered a year-round resident within its range.
Behavior: Generally non-aggressive. Inspect branches and stem of all sizes without a particular preference.
Food: Ladder-backed Woodpeckers eat mostly insects and occasionally cactus fruit. It seems to prefer insect larvae. Prey also include wood-boring beetles, leafworms, ants, and caterpillars.
Nest: Ladder-backed woodpeckers nest in cavities they excavate in dead branches at variable heights from the ground.
Breeding: Breeding months: from mid April through late-July. Clutch size: 2-7 eggs. Egg color: White. Incubation period: 13 days. Nestling period: 27-29 days.
Lifespan: The Ladder-backed Woodpecker lives at least 5 years.
How many are there?: According to Partners in Flight, the global population size of the Ladder-backed Woodpecker is 5.9 million.
Conservation: It is considered a species of least concern.
Red-cockaded Woodpecker

Identification: The red-cockaded woodpecker (Leuconotopicus borealis) has a black and white head, back, and wings. The underparts are white with black markings on the sides. Males have a small red spot on the nape, which is missing in the female.
Habitat: It is found nearly exclusively in mature stands of pine forests with a short and clear understory that burns frequently. It is not found in suburban areas.
Range: The Red-cockaded Woodpecker occurs only in a small portion of Eastern Texas and Eastern Oklahoma.
Movements: It is considered a year-round resident within its range.
Behavior: Red-cockaded woodpeckers forage for food in noisy family groups. Families or clans maintain and defend fixed territories around clusters of nesting cavities.
Food: Red-cockaded woodpeckers eat mostly beetles, ants, and insect larvae found in the bark of pine trees. They also include berries and pine seeds found in pine forests. They do not visit backyard bird feeders.
Nest: The red-cockaded woodpecker is the only woodpecker that excavates its cavities in live pine trees. It may take multiple years to finish a cavity, but the mínimum time to complete one is approximately two years. Nest cavities have a round entrance hole of about 3.5 in, in diameter.
Breeding: Breeding months: mid-April through late July. Clutch size: 2-5, Egg color: white. Incubation period: 11 days. Nestling period: 27 days.
Lifespan: Red-cockaded woodpeckers live at least 16 years and 1 month.
How many are there?: The estimated number of red-cockaded woodpeckers in North America is 19,000 individuals.
Conservation: The red-cockaded woodpecker is rare and considered a critically endangered bird.
Northern Flicker

Identification: The Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus) is one of the largest woodpeckers in the region. It is warm-brown with black barring on the back and wings and large black spots on the belly. It has a conspicuous black crescent on the chest. Males have a black malar stripe, which is missing in the female.
Habitat: It is typically found in semi-open or open habitats with scattered trees. Lightly wooded suburban areas and edges of agricultural land are also favored by the northern flicker.
Range: The Northern Flicker occurs in all of Oklahoma and Texas.
Movements: It migrates short distances between the breeding and wintering grounds. It is a year-round resident in most of its range.
Behavior: Unlike other woodpeckers, the Northern Flicker forages for food on the ground and tends to perch on horizontal rather than vertical branches, not using its tail as a prop. It has an undulating flight pattern.
Food: Northern flickers eat insects, particularly ants, ant larvae, and beetles on the ground. They peck at ant colonies in search of ant larvae. They also hammer cow patties to get the insect larvae inside or underneath. Northern flickers also include fruits and seeds in their diet, particularly in the winter months.
Nest: The Northern Flicker excavates their cavities in dead wood. Typically, nest cavities are 14 inches deep with semi-oval entrance holes of 3 inches in diameter.
Breeding season: Breeding months: late April through early August. Clutch size: 5-8 eggs. Egg color: white. Incubation period: 12 days. Nestling period: 25 days.
Lifespan: Northern flickers live at least 9 years and 2 months.
How many are there?: The estimated number of northern flickers in North America is 11 million.
Conservation: Considered a species of Least Concern (IUCN).
Pileated Woodpecker

Identification: The Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) is mostly black with white stripes on the head and neck. Male and female have red crests, but only the male shows a red malar stripe. In flight, the extended wings show white patches and white underneath.
Habitat: It is typically found in mature deciduous or coniferous forests with large trees. It uses semi-open woodlands in suburban areas.
Range: The Pileated Woodpecker occur in the eastern fourth of Texas and the eastern half of Oklahoma.
Movements: It is considered a year-round resident within its range.
Behavior: The Pileated Woodpecker forages for food alone or in pairs. It often excavates large rectangular holes in search of carpenter ants and beetle larvae. The sound of its wood chopping action can be heard from a distance.
Food: Pileated woodpeckers feed on mostly insects, particularly carpenter ants. It also eats beetle larvae and other invertebrates it finds inside the bark and wood. They also include fruit, berries, holly, and dogwood in their diet.
Nest: Pileated woodpeckers can excavate a nesting cavity in 3-6 weeks. Unlike other woodpeckers, the entrance to a pileated woodpecker cavity is oblong rather than circular. Nest cavities are approximately 16 in deep. It almost never reuses the same cavity after use for breeding.
Breeding season: Breeding months: early March through mid-July. Clutch size: 3-5 eggs. Egg color: white. Incubation period: 17 days. Nestling period: 28 days.
Lifespan: Pileated woodpeckers live at least 12 years and 11 months.
How many are there?: The estimated number of pileated woodpeckers in North America is 2.6 million.
Conservation: Considered a species of Least Concern (IUCN).
Ecological role of Woodpeckers, Sapsuckers, and Flickers in the Ecosystems of Texas and Oklahoma
Woodpeckers, sapsuckers, and flickers are keystone species in the forests and scrub habitats of Texas and Oklahoma, acting as natural engineers. Their importance stems from:
- Creating cavities for other wildlife
- Controlling insect populations
- Aiding in forest regeneration
These activities significantly impact forest health, biodiversity, and overall ecosystem resilience. As such, woodpeckers are crucial to maintaining the ecological balance in habitats of the Lone Star and Sooner States.
Their ecological importance can be summarized in several key aspects:
Cavity Creation
Woodpeckers are primary cavity excavators, creating essential habitats for a wide range of species:
- They excavate cavities in trees that serve as nesting and roosting sites for over 40 species of North American birds, including swallows, chickadees, wrens, and flycatchers.
- Small mammals, reptiles, and invertebrates also utilize these cavities for shelter.
- In recently burned forests, woodpecker cavities are quickly occupied, with over 85% used by secondary cavity dwellers within the first year.
Insect Control
Woodpeckers play a key role in controlling insect populations
- They are attracted to trees afflicted with pests, such as ash trees affected by the emerald ash borer, helping to control these invasive species.
- Their foraging habits help regulate insect populations, contributing to overall forest health.
Forest Regeneration
Woodpeckers, sapsuckers, and flickers contribute to forest regeneration and ecosystem health through seed dispersal mechanisms, particularly when consuming fruits, berries, and seeds from various plant species. As they move between foraging sites, they transport and deposit seeds across different forest locations, facilitating plant reproduction and landscape-level biodiversity.
Adaptation to Disturbances
Woodpeckers play a vital role in post-disturbance forest ecosystems:
- They readily utilize fire-killed trees for nesting and foraging, contributing to the ecological recovery of burned areas.
- Their activities in burned forests create habitats that enable other species to occupy and use these areas, facilitating diverse ecosystem functions.
Woodpecker-Human Interactions in Texas and Oklahoma
Woodpeckers have a complex relationship with humans, exhibiting both beneficial interactions and conflicts. On the positive side, woodpeckers serve as natural pest controllers by feeding on wood-boring insects, which helps maintain healthy trees and forests. Their cavity excavation also creates nesting sites for secondary cavity-nesting birds and other wildlife, enhancing local biodiversity.
However, conflicts often arise, particularly in suburban and wooded areas where woodpeckers may cause property damage. Common issues include:
Drilling into wooden structures, which can lead to significant repair costs.
The noise from their pecking can also be disruptive, especially during the breeding season.
In part of Texas and Oklahoma, these problems are notably prevalent due to the high density of residential areas adjacent to suitable woodpecker habitats.
To mitigate these issues, several solutions and deterrents can be employed. For more detailed strategies on managing woodpecker interactions and preventing damage, refer to our article Woodpeckers Damage: Research-Proven Methods to Protect Your Homes.
Threats to Woodpeckers, Sapsuckers, and Flickers in Texas and Oklahoma
Woodpeckers, sapsuckers and flickers face several significant threats that impact their populations and habitats. Habitat loss and fragmentation are primary concerns, which can be exacerbated by climate change through extreme weather patterns disrupting breeding cycles.
Competition from invasive bird species. The aggressive European Starling competes for nesting cavities. Starlings often attack and dislodge nesting woodpeckers (particularly northern flickers), limiting reproductive success.
Conservation Strategies
Targeted conservation strategies can support the health of woodpecker populations in Texas and Oklahoma states:
- Habitat protection and restoration focus on preserving existing woodpecker habitats and restoring degraded areas to create suitable environments for nesting and foraging.
- Sustainable forestry practices aim to balance timber production with wildlife conservation, ensuring that woodpecker habitats remain intact while still providing economic benefits.
- Monitoring and research efforts help track woodpecker populations and assess the effectiveness of conservation strategies, allowing for adaptive management approaches.
- Public education and outreach initiatives raise awareness about the importance of woodpeckers in ecosystems and encourage community involvement in conservation efforts.
Closing Remarks:
The guide to the Woodpeckers, sapsuckers, and flickers of the States of Texas and Oklahoma includes a total of XX (xxx) species. Some species are widespread habitat generalists and are found throughout the State. Other are restricted to particular habitats or elevations and are found in in smaller portions of both states.
Additional resources:
- Woodpecker Feet and Toes
- The Woodpecker Tail
- The Woodpecker Tongue
- The Marvels of Woodpecker Bills
- Understanding Woodpecker Drumming Behavior
- Woodpeckers as Cavity Creators
- What do Woodpeckers Eat?
- Woodpecker Migration
- Prevent Woodpecker Damage
Photo Credits:
The photographic material used in this guide was made available on various websites. Many thanks to Andrew Morffew, Mark Mochell, Elizabeth Milson, Duzan Brinkhuizen, Dennis Church, Wendy Miller, Rick From Alabama, John Benson, Mick Thompson, Steve Guttman, Victor Espinoza, Kelly Colgan-Azar, Andy Reago, Chrissy McLaren, Garry C., Linda Fortuna, Vicky DeLoach, Paul Hurtado, Tom Murray, Tom Wilberding, Kenneth Cole-Schneider, Doug Greenberg, Brian Garrett, David White, Becky Matsubara, Dan Mooney, Hal Trachtenberg, Lloyd Davis, Denis Fournier, Gregory Heaton, hharryus, Greg Lavaty, Dona Hilkey, Joshua Mayer, Aaron Maizlish, Ashley Tubs, Richard George, Sandra Minica, Nick, Jon valentine, Steve Valasek, Mitch Walters, Kurayba and Julio Mulero.
Voices:
Most recordings were made by Paul Marvin (Xeno-canto https://xeno-canto.org/contributor/RFTXRYBVBX)
References and Sources:
- Allaboutbirds.org)
- eBird. (https://ebird.org/)
- Gill, Frank B., 1994. Ornithology – 2nd Edition, W. H. Freeman and Company.
- Sibley, David, 2000, The Sibley Guide to Birds. Alfred A. Knopf, Publisher.
- Species Longevity Data: United States Geological Survey (https://www.usgs.gov/)
- The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behavior, 2001. Chris Elphick, John Dunning, and David Sibley (eds). Alfred A. Knopf, New York.