33 Alaska Ducks, Geese, and Swans: ID & Sound Guide

Identify the 33 species of ducks, geese, and swans found in the State of Alaska. This guide features detailed species accounts, plumage breakdowns, and waterfowl call audio organized by taxonomic group.

How to use this Guide

Click on any of the four major groups below (DABBLING DUCKS, DIVING DUCKS, GEESE, and SWANS) to explore the species included in each category, including their detailed subgroups. You can also use the Table of Contents below this section to browse the entire guide.

Exploring Essential Concepts and Definitions

This state-specific guide focuses on the local status and occurrence of waterfowl in Alaska. However, to master key terminology and understand the science behind identification, you may wish to dig deeper into the foundational concepts. If you’re curious about topics like the “Big Divide” between Dabbling vs. Diving Ducks“, the function of their anatomy, how to identify plumage cycles, or the principles of migration and conservation across North America, these subjects are thoroughly explained in our comprehensive resource.

For an exhaustive breakdown of all definitions, concepts, and techniques used in this guide, please follow the link below to the main pillar page: Ducks, Geese, and Swans of North America.

Ducks, Mergansers, Geese, and Swans in the State of Alaska

While many waterfowl species wander outside their typical habitats as vagrants, this guide focuses strictly on species whose official range includes Alaska, as documented by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology’s eBird/Science platform. At the end, you’ll also find a section on the domestic and feral waterfowl commonly seen in city parks and retention ponds.

Waterfowl often share wetland habitats with other birds. For a broader overview of species found in the open water, shallows, and marshes, explore our guide to the Wetland Birds of Alaska (covering Loons, grebes, herons, egrets, cranes, ibises to rails and snipes).

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DABBLING DUCKS OF ALASKA

The Dabbling Ducks are the most commonly encountered waterfowl in the State, recognized by their habit of feeding in shallow water. They rarely fully submerge, instead feeding by tipping up to reach submerged plants and invertebrates—leaving only their tail feathers visible. Their legs are centrally placed, allowing them to walk easily on land and launch straight up into the air when taking flight.

Core Dabbling Ducks (Anas/Spatula/Mareca)

Blue-winged Teal (Spatula discors)

Identification: Drake: slaty-blue head, white crescent behind bill, speckled brown body. Hen: brown, has a pale area at base of bill. Both sexes reveal bold powder-blue wing patches on the upper wing.
Compare: Hen Green-winged Teal is darker, and has a different wing color pattern. Hen Cinnamon Teal is warmer-toned overall, has a longer and more spatulated bill, and duller face pattern. Learn the subtle field marks to distinguish the Female Blue-winged Teal from the Female Cinnamon Teal.
Status and Movements: The Blue-winged Teal is a rare breeding migrant in Alaska. It arrives in late May and departs by early September, spending the summer months in shallow, highly vegetated freshwater wetlands.
Behavior: Dabbling duck, tips up or submerges head/bill for food. Monogamous; pair bonds usually dissolve during incubation.
Flocking: The Blue-winged Teal forms small compact flocks that twist and turn at high speed. Flocks often fly low over marshes. It frequently mixes with other dabbling ducks.
Habitat: Shallow ponds, pond-marsh mixes, marshes, vegetated wetlands, rice fields, estuaries, mangroves.
Range: Breeds across much of North America; winters southern US to Central and South America.
Diet: Aquatic insect larvae, crustaceans, clams, snails, and grains.
Nest: Small circular depression scraped by female. Lined with dried grasses and down/breast feathers.
Breeding: Egg laying: late Apr-Aug | Clutch: 6-14 eggs | Broods: 1 brood | Eggs: Creamy white | Incubation: 19-29 days.
Lifespan: At least 23 years, 3 months.
Population: Global breeding population estimated at 7.8 million individuals. The Blue-winged Teal is the second most abundant duck in North America.

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Northern Shoveler (Spatula clypeata)

Identification: Breeding Drake: Northern Shoveler has bright green head, white chest, rust sides. Hen/immature: mottled brown, large orange bill, blue wing patches. Unique shovel-shaped bill.
Compare: Drake and hen Northern Shoveler share their wing color pattern with Cinnamon and Blue-winged teals, but shovelers are noticeably larger. Hen has a large orangish and spatulated bill.
Status and Movements: The Northern Shoveler is a widespread breeding migrant in Alaska. Arriving in early May, it nests across interior wetlands before departing for southern wintering grounds between late August and mid-October.
Behavior: Tips up and sweeps bill side to side to filter tiny prey. Large groups sometimes swim in circles to stir up food. Pairs stay together until almost fall migration.
Flocking: Flight is steady and direct typically in flocks of 5 to 20 birds during the non-breeding season. During the breeding season groups are generally limited to pairs. Northern Shovelers gather in larger rafts or flocks at major migratory stopovers.
Habitat: Shallow wetlands, coastal marshes, rice fields, flooded fields, lakes, sewage lagoons.
Range: Breeds across North America; winters southern U.S. south to Central America and Caribbean.
Nest: Small depression on ground. Lined with downy feathers. Surrounded by vegetation, typically within 150 feet of water.
Breeding: Egg laying: May-Jun | Clutch: 8-12 eggs | Broods: 1 brood | Eggs: Pale greenish gray or olive-buff | Incubation: 22-25 days.
Lifespan: At least 16 years, 7 months.
Population: Global breeding population estimated approx. 5.9 million individuals.

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Gadwall (Mareca strepera)

Identification: Drake intricate gray-brown pattern, black rear end. Hen patterned brown/buff, thinner dark bill with thin orange edge. Both sexes show a white wing patch.
Compare: Hen Gadwall is similar to other female teals but has an orange line along the edge of the bill. Both sexes have a distinctive white wing patch. Hen Mallard has a large blue wing speculum.
Status and Movements: The Gadwall is an uncommon breeding migrant and local winter resident in Alaska. Highly migratory populations arrive in May and depart by October, though small numbers winter along ice-free southern coasts.
Behavior: Tips forward for submerged vegetation, rarely dives. Pairs form early, often in late fall. Seasonally monogamous.
Flocking: The Gadwall flies swiftly in a small to medium size flocks, often in a nervous, irregular fashion with many twists and turns.
Habitat: Prairie potholes, Canadian prairies, tundra, boreal forest wetlands, fresh/salt water wetlands.
Range: The Gadwall breeds primarily in the Great Plains and Canadian prairies; winters across the southern U.S. and Mexico.
Diet: Mostly submerged aquatic vegetation, snails, midges, water beetles.
Nest: Hollow scrape on ground, lined with twigs, leaves, down.
Breeding: Egg laying: mid-Apr-Jun | Clutch: 7-12 eggs | Broods: 1 brood | Eggs: Typically ranges from dull creamy white to pale grayish green. | Incubation: 24-27 days
Lifespan: At least 19 years, 6 months.
Population: Approximately 4.4 million individuals.

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American Wigeon (Mareca americana)

Identification: Drake: gray head with a white forehead and crown, green patch behind the eye, cinnamon body, large white wing patch. Bill: pale gray, black tip, white rump. Hen: plainer brown with rusty sides.
Compare: Drake American Wigeon differ from drake Eurasian Wigeon due to a chestnut head and a buffy forehead. Hen Eurasian has a warmer orangey head, but difficult to separate from hen American.
Status and Movements: The American Wigeon is an abundant breeding migrant in Alaska. Flooding into the state during late April and May, it breeds universally across wetlands before traveling south in September and October.
Behavior: Forages on the surface or tips up for aquatic plants; plucks terrestrial plants with short bill. Quite vocal; distinctive whistle.
Flocking: The American Wigeon is highly social outside of breeding season, forming large noisy flocks on water and grazing fields.
Habitat: Freshwater wetlands, lakes, slow rivers, marshes, estuaries, bays, grasslands, pastures, golf courses.
Range: Breeds Alaska, Canada, Northwest U.S.; winters southern U.S. and Mexico.
Nest: Small depression on dry ground, sometimes far from water. Lined with grasses, reeds, cattails, and down feathers.
Breeding: Egg laying: Early May-Jun | Clutch: 3-13 eggs | Broods: 1 brood | Eggs: Creamy white | Incubation: 22-28 days.
Lifespan: At least 21 years, 4 months.
Population: Approximately 2.7 million individuals.

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Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)

Identification: Drake: iridescent green head, yellow bill, gray flanks, pale tail with black tail-curls. Hen/Juvenile: mottled brown, orange bill with dark patch. Both sexes show white-bordered, blue speculum.
Compare: The hen Mallard differs from hens American Black Duck, Mottled Duck, and Mexican Duck due to a warmer brown body, black and orange bill, and bold white wing bars on the leading and trailing edges of the blue wing speculum. Learn the subtle field marks to distinguish the American Black Duck from the Female Mallard.
Status and Movements: The Mallard is a common breeding migrant and hardy winter resident in Alaska. While many arrive in April to breed and depart by November, significant populations winter on southern coastal waters.
Behavior: Dabbling duck, tips forward to graze; rarely dives. Generally monogamous, pairs form in fall.
Flocking: Mallards are social and gregarious outside of breeding season. They form large, loose flocks (up to hundreds of birds) often mixing with other dabblers.
Habitat: Ponds, lakes, marshes, rivers, coastal habitats, estuaries and City parks.
Range: Widespread throughout North. Breeds far north; year-round/winter in central/southern U.S. and Mexico.
Diet: Seeds, aquatic vegetation, insect larvae, freshwater shrimp. Agricultural grain, human handouts.
Nest: Shallow bowl/depression on ground near water, concealed under vegetation.
Breeding: Egg laying: Early-Apr-Jul | Clutch: 1-13 eggs | Broods: 1-2 | Eggs: Creamy to grayish or greenish buff | Incubation: 23-30 days.
Lifespan: At least 27 years, 7 months.
Population: Estimated population around 19 million individuals.

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Northern Pintail (Anas acuta)

Identification: Drake: chocolate head/neck, white breast/stripe down neck, long pointed tail. Hen/immature: mottled brown, pale tan face, bluish-gray bill.
Compare: The hen is similar to other hen teals and hen Mallard, Mottled and American Black Ducks. The hen Pintail has a warmer brown head, long neck, and distinctive bluish-gray bill.
Status and Movements: The Northern Pintail is an abundant breeding migrant in Alaska. One of the earliest spring arrivals, it floods tundra wetlands in late April, nesting successfully before migrating south by October.
Behavior: Dabbling duck. Forages on surface or tips up, filters food with bill. Generally social.
Flocking: The Northern Pintail is highly social, forming large, loose flocks (often hundreds) in winter. Flocks are known for fast, graceful flight in long, wavering lines or V-formations. Often feed and roost with American Wigeon.
Habitat: Seasonal wetlands, croplands, wet meadows, shortgrass prairies, lakes, estuaries, tidal marshes, flooded agricultural fields.
Range: Breeds Alaska, Canada, Great Plains; winters southern U.S. and Mexico.
Diet: Aquatic plant seeds, worms, snails, crustaceans, aquatic insects, small grains.
Nest: Shallow bowl on ground, far from water. Female makes scrapes, lines nest with grasses/down.
Breeding: Egg laying: Apr-mid-Jun | Clutch: 3-12 eggs | Broods: 1 brood | Eggs: Greenish buff | Incubation: 22-24 days.
Lifespan: At least 22 years, 3 months.
Population: Global breeding population estimated at 5.1 million individuals.

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Green-winged Teal (Anas crecca)

Identification: Smallest dabbling duck. Drake: cinnamon head, gleaming green eye crescent, white vertical stripe on shoulder. Hen: mottled brown, yellowish tail streak. Both show green speculum.
Compare: Hen is similar to other teals and hen Mallard but differs due to a tiny size, darker overall, and green wing speculum.
Status and Movements: The Green-winged Teal is an abundant breeding migrant and rare winter resident in Alaska. Arriving in early May to nest, most depart by October, leaving sparse numbers wintering south.
Behavior: Dabbling duck. Forages shallow wetlands by tipping up or picking while standing in puddles. Quite vocal. Pairs form fall/winter.
Flocking: The Green-winged Teal is highly gregarious, forming tight, dense flocks of up to hundreds of birds. Flocks perform fast, highly erratic movements and sudden, synchronized turns in flight; renowned for their speed and agility.
Habitat: Shallow ponds, flooded fields, coastal marshes, estuaries, river deltas, boreal forest wetlands, sedge meadows, beaver ponds.
Range: Breeds widely across northern North America (Canada/Alaska). Winters in southern U.S. and Mexico.
Diet: Aquatic invertebrates, seeds, sedge fruit, pondweeds, grasses, rice, corn.
Nest: Well-concealed depression on ground, typically within 200 yards of water. Lined with grasses, sedges, leaves, down.
Breeding: Egg laying: mid-Apr-late Jul | Clutch: 6-9 eggs | Broods: 1-2 | Eggs: Creamy white to pale olive-buff | Incubation: 20-23 days.
Lifespan: At least 20 years, 3 months.
Population: Global breeding population estimated at 6.7 million individuals.

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DIVING DUCKS OF ALASKA

The Diving Ducks are built for life beneath the water’s surface. Unlike dabblers, their legs are set far back on their bodies, which provides maximum propulsion underwater but makes them clumsy on land. To take flight, they must run, or “patter,” across the water’s surface to gain enough speed. This group primarily forages in deeper lakes, large rivers, and coastal bays.

Core Alaska Diving Ducks (Aythya)

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Canvasback (Aythya valisineria)

Identification: Drake: Rusty head/neck, gleaming whitish body, black chest/rear. Hen: Grayish/brown body, dark eyes. Both have long sloping foreheads and black bill.
Compare: Redheads have a similar color pattern but are smaller, with a steeper forehead, a gray (not white) back, and a bluish (not black) bill. Learn the subtle field marks to distinguish the Canvasback from the Redhead.
Status and Movements: The Canvasback is a common breeding migrant in Alaska. Arriving in early May, it centers its nesting activities in the interior marshes before migrating south to wintering grounds by October.
Behavior: Diving duck, gregarious nonbreeding season. Dives underwater constantly. Rarely goes ashore. It often forms large rafts.
Flocking: The Canvasback is highly social, forming massive, dense rafts (thousands) on large lakes. Flocks fly in long, swift, oblique lines or V-formations with powerful, sustained speed. They are the fastest fliers of North American ducks.
Habitat: Lakes, deep-water marshes, ponds, estuaries, coastal waters, lagoons, rivers, flooded agricultural fields.
Range: Breeds lakes/marshes Prairie Pothole Region, Canada, Alaska. Winters US coasts/inland waters, Mexico. This Canvasback is widespread.
Diet: Plant tubers, rhizomes, aquatic plant seeds, wild celery, mussels, clams, insects.
Nest: Large bulky platform of sedges, reeds, rushes. Loosely woven, floats on water, attached to emergent stalks.
Breeding: Egg laying mid Apr-early Jul | Clutch: 5-11 eggs | Broods: 1 | Eggs: Greenish drab | Incubation: 24-29 days.
Lifespan: At least 22 years, 7 months.
Population: Estimated breeding population is 566,000.

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Redhead (Aythya americana)

Identification: Drake: Gleaming cinnamon head, black breast/tail, neat gray body. Hen/immature: uniform brown. Both sexes: black-tipped, gray bill, smoothly rounded head.
Compare: Canvasbacks have a similar color pattern but are larger, with a sloping forehead (triangular head), a white (not gray) back, and a black (not bluish) bill. Learn the subtle field marks to distinguish the Canvasback from the Redhead.
Status and Movements: The Redhead is an uncommon breeding migrant and rare transient in Alaska. It arrives in mid-May to nest in semi-permanent interior wetlands, with all individuals departing southward by late September.
Behavior: Sociable duck. Usually dives for food, may tip up in shallow water like dabbling ducks. Monogamous; males court female with gymnastic “head throw” display.
Flocking: The Redhead is highly social, forming large, dense rafts on open water (often thousands). Flocks fly in tight, changing patterns or long, wavy lines with rapid, shallow wingbeats. Often flies with scaups and Canvasbacks.
Habitat: Seasonal wetlands, prairie potholes, deep marsh, large lakes, reservoirs, coastal bays, Gulf Coast, agricultural fields.
Range: Breeds Great Plains/Midwest prairie pothole region, West. Winters Gulf Coast, Great Lakes, southern U.S. waters.
Diet: Submerged aquatic plants, green algae. Invertebrates: snails, zebra mussels, mayflies, small clams.
Nest: Circular woven bowl built by female using plant material on an underwater vegetation foundation. Found in cattails/bulrushes over water.
Breeding: Egg laying: May-late Jul | Clutch: 7-8 eggs | Broods: 1 | Eggs: Creamy white to pale, olive buff/buffy brown | Incubation: 22-28 days
Lifespan: At least 20 years, 7 months.
Population: North American population estimated at 1.2 million Redhead individuals (2015).

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Ring-necked Duck (Aythya collaris)

Identification: Drake: black/gray, peaked head, prominent white bill ring, black back, white chest (area) spur. Hen: rich brown, pale cheek, whitish eye ring/bill patch.
Compare: Drake Lesser Scaups have a pale back, lack the white side spur, and the white band and black tip of the bill of the Ring-necked. Hen scaups have a solid dark-brown head, not the capped look of the hen Ring-necked Duck.
Status and Movements: The Ring-necked Duck is a regular breeding migrant in Alaska. Arriving in early May, it occupies boreal bogs and forest ponds for nesting before departing the state by mid-October.
Behavior: Diving duck. Forages diving for mollusks, invertebrates, submerged vegetation. Uses displays (head throw, nodding) for courtship and rival warnings.
Flocking: The Ring-necked Duck typically forms medium-sized flocks, flying swiftly and directly in loose V-formations or irregular groups. Their agile flight, characterized by quick wingbeats, makes them appear energetic.
Habitat: Freshwater marshes, bogs, beaver ponds, shallow lakes, flooded agricultural fields, cattle ponds, river floodplains, brackish estuaries, reservoirs.
Range: Breeds far northern North America boreal forest. Winters widely US inland/coastal waters, Mexico, Central America/Caribbean.
Diet: Submerged plants and seeds, aquatic invertebrates, mollusks, earthworms, leeches.
Nest: Simple bowl of sedges/plants on/over water or floating vegetation. Flimsy collection of bent stems, lined with down feathers.
Breeding: Egg laying: early May-mid-Jul | Clutch: 6-14 eggs | Broods: 1 | Eggs: Typically range from olive-gray to olive-brown | Incubation: 25-29 days.
Lifespan: At least 20 years, 5 months.
Population: Global breeding population estimated at 2 million individuals.

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Greater Scaup (Aythya marila)

Identification: Drake black/white, rounded head, iridescent green sheen. Blue bill, yellow eye. Hen brown, darker head, variable white bill patch. Nonbreeding mottled gray/brown.
Compare: Drake and hen Lesser Scaup usually show a peak at the back of the head, while Greater Scaup has a more smoothly rounded head. Overall, very similar species. Learn the subtle field marks to distinguish the Lesser Scaup from the Greater Scaup.
Status and Movements: The Greater Scaup is an abundant breeding migrant and common winter resident in Alaska. Interior breeders arrive in May and depart by October, while coastal populations remain on saltwater year-round.
Behavior: Diving duck. Forages underwater for aquatic invertebrates/plants, diving up to 23 feet. Monogamous seasonally; pairs form in winter.
Flocking: Greater Scaup are highly gregarious, often forming immense, dense rafts. Their powerful, fast flight occurs in coordinated, tightly packed flocks, often shifting patterns over water, exhibiting strong, direct movement.
Habitat: Shallow lakes, ponds, treeless wetlands, tundra. Coastal bays, reservoirs, Great Lakes, Pacific/Atlantic shorelines.
Range: Breeds North American tundra. Winters Pacific/Atlantic coasts, Great Lakes, reservoirs.
Diet: Aquatic invertebrates, mollusks, insects, crustaceans. Aquatic plants, seeds.
Nest: Saucer-shaped depression on ground, near water, dense cover. Lined with grasses, plant material, downy feathers.
Breeding: Egg laying: mid-May – late Aug | Clutch: 5-13 eggs | Broods: 1 | Eggs: Brownish olive-buff | Incubation: 23-28 days.
Lifespan: At least 20 years, 5 months.
Population: Estimated 780,000 individuals. The Greater Scaup is listed as a common bird in steep decline.

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Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis)

Identification: The Lesser Scaup Drake: Black/white, peaked head, iridescent purple/green sheen, bluish bill/yellow eye. Hen: brown, pale bill patch variable.
Compare: Drake and hen Greater Scaup usually show a more rounded head, while Lesser Scaup shows a peak at the back of the head. Overall, very similar species. Learn the subtle field marks to distinguish the Lesser Scaup from the Greater Scaup.
Status and Movements: The Lesser Scaup is a common breeding migrant in Alaska. Preferring interior boreal wetlands, it arrives in mid-May to nest and departs rapidly for southern wintering latitudes by early October.
Behavior: Diving duck. Sleeps on water. Seasonally monogamous, new mates yearly. Drakes display vigorously courting females.
Flocking: The Lesser Scaup typically forms smaller, yet still gregarious, flocks than its larger cousin. They fly swiftly and directly, often in erratic or loose V-formations with rapid wingbeats, showing agile aerial maneuvers.
Habitat: Prairie potholes, boreal forest, tundra wetlands, hayfields. Lakes, reservoirs, coastal bays, estuaries, agricultural ponds.
Range: Breeds Northern North America/Prairie Potholes. Winters US inland/coastal waters, extending south to Central America/Caribbean.
Nest: Saucer-shaped depression on ground in tall, well-concealed vegetation (prairies/marshes). Lined with grasses and female down.
Breeding: Egg laying: late May-Jul | Clutch: 6-14 eggs | Broods: 1 | Eggs: Pale to dark olive/greenish buff | Incubation: 21-27 days.
Lifespan: At least 18 years.
Population: Global breeding population estimated at 3.8 million individuals.

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Subgroup: Sea Ducks

Sea ducks are specialized diving waterfowl of coastal marine habitats, breeding in northern latitudes. Groups include eiders, scoters, mergansers, goldeneyes, long-tailed ducks, harlequin ducks, and buffleheads. Winter mainly at sea; use inland lakes and rivers during migration and breeding.

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Common Eider (Somateria mollissima)

Identification: Largest sea duck. Drake: white/black, black cap, pale green nape, sloping bill. Hen: warm brown, densely black-barred, black bill. Immature males chocolate brown.
Compare: Drake King Eiders have a black back and a more square and colorful head than Common Eiders. Hen King Eiders have a more rounded head and long sloping forehead.
Status and Movements: The Common Eider is a common coastal breeding migrant and year-round marine resident in Alaska. Arctic breeders arrive in May and depart by October, joining vast, hardy populations wintering on open northern seas.
Behavior: Diving duck, use wings to swim, pry mussels/shellfish from rocks. Spend much day resting/loafing. Males croon softly courting.
Flocking: Common Eiders are highly social, forming large, often dense, rafts. Their powerful, direct flight is usually low over the water in long, undulating lines or irregular groups, exhibiting strong, deliberate wingbeats for sustained movement.
Habitat: Rocky ocean coasts, islands, estuaries, bays, Arctic tundra heath, taiga, gravel spits, rocky seafloors.
Range: Breeds Alaska/Canada Arctic tundra. Winters Atlantic Canada, New England, S. Alaska coasts. The Common Eider is rare south of mid-Atlantic states.
Diet: Mollusks (blue mussels), crustaceans (spider crabs), echinoderms (sea urchins), marine worms, fish eggs, marine algae.
Nest: Ground depression, usually covered (rock/vegetation), near sea. Lined with down (after 3rd egg). Nests in large colonies (Atlantic).
Breeding: Egg laying: Jun – mid-Jul | Clutch: 3-8 eggs | Broods: 1 | Eggs: Olive or greenish | Incubation: 24-26 days.
Lifespan: At least 22 years, 7 months.
Population: North American breeding
Population: 750,000 individuals.

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King Eider (Somateria spectabilis)

Identification: Male: black/white, red/orange bill plate, blue crown, green cheek. Female: rich rusty brown, black patterned. Immature male: dark brown, white chest.
Compare: Drake Common Eiders have a white back; male and female Common E. have a sloping foreheads.
Status and Movements: The King Eider is a common high-arctic breeding migrant and coastal winter resident in Alaska. It arrives on tundra nesting grounds in May, migrating south to ice-free coastal waters by late October.
Behavior: Dives deeply for prey (up to 80 feet) at sea floor/sea ice underside. Tundra: tips up, seining, probes mud. Strong diver, often uses wings underwater.
Flocking: Rests, migrates, forages in flocks, sometimes mixing with other sea ducks. Spring migration involves huge flocks.
Habitat: Tundra, interior lakes, ocean coast, fjords, rocky coasts, southern sea ice edge, polynyas.
Range: Breeds high Arctic tundra (Alaska/Canada). Winters US: southern Alaska, New England, occasionally Great Lakes.
Diet: Shellfish, mollusks, crustaceans, algae, sea urchins, starfish. Tundra: insects, larvae, sedges, grasses.
Nest: Depression in tundra near hummock/rock. King Eider female lines with vegetation, adds down after 3rd-4th egg.
Breeding: Egg laying: Jun through late Jul | Clutch: 2-7 eggs | Broods: 1 | Eggs: Olive or olive-buff | Incubation: 22-24 days.
Lifespan: At least 24 years.
Population: Approximately 830,000 individuals.

Surf Scoter (Melanitta perspicillata)

Identification: Drake jet black, orange/white/black bill, white nape/forecrown patches. Hen dark brown, dark bill, usually two white face patches.
Compare: White-winged Scoters have a large white patch in the wing that Surf Scoters lack. Surf Scoters have distinctive white patches on the forehead and back of the neck. Hens have a darker cap than White-winged Scoters.
Status and Movements: The Surf Scoter is an abundant breeding migrant and heavy winter resident in Alaska. Interior breeders arrive in May; massive non-breeding and wintering cohorts occupy coastal saltwater year-round.
Behavior: Dives for prey, often just before ocean waves break. Rests on water. Drake defends moving area around hen during breeding.
Flocking: Surf Scoters typically form smaller flocks, often flying in loose, undulating lines or irregular groups low over the waves. Their direct, powerful flight exhibits purposeful movement, characterized by strong, steady wingbeats. Roosts miles offshore nightly.
Habitat: Taiga shield ecotone, shallow lakes, boreal forest/tundra blend, ocean coasts, bays, estuaries, inland lakes (migration/storms).
Range: Breeds N. Canada/Alaska boreal forest/tundra. Winters Atlantic/Pacific coasts, inland waters. The Surf Scoter is widespread.
Diet: Mollusks (mussels, clams), marine snails, crabs, worms, herring spawn. Aquatic vegetation. Freshwater invertebrates/insects (breeding).
Nest: Well concealed depression on ground. Beneath vegetation/rocky ledges. Lined with down, moss, grasses, needles, twigs, bark.
Breeding: Egg laying: mid May – mid-Aug | Clutch: 6-9 eggs | Broods: 1 | Eggs: Creamy white | Incubation: 28-30 days.
Lifespan: At least 19 years, 7 months.
Population: Global breeding population estimated at 470,000 individuals.

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White-winged Scoter (Melanitta deglandi)

Identification: Drake velvety black, white comma eye patch, orange-tipped bill, white wing patch. Hen dark brown, two smudgy white face patches. Juveniles similar to hens.
Compare: Drake Surf Scoters have a large white patch on the forehead and back of the neck that Drake White-winged Scoters lack. Hens have a uniform dark head that contrasts with the dark-capped head of a hen Surf Scoter.
Status and Movements: The White-winged Scoter is a common breeding migrant and abundant winter resident in Alaska. It nests inland from May to September, while vast flocks carpet coastal marine waters all winter.
Behavior: Forages diving deep underwater. Swallows prey whole underwater. Winters in flocks. Monogamous mating system presumed.
Flocking: White-winged Scoters typically form small, loose flocks, flying with strong, direct wingbeats. Their flight is powerful and steady, often staying low over coastal waters, occasionally gathering in larger, dispersed rafts.
Habitat: Boreal forest, shallow freshwater lakes, brushy shrubs (breeding). Coastal areas, shallow saltwater bays, estuaries, Great Lakes (winter).
Range: Breeds Northern Canada/Alaska boreal forest. Winters Atlantic/Pacific coasts, Great Lakes, inland waters. This White-winged Scoter is widespread.
Diet: Mollusks (mussels, clams, snails), crustaceans, fish, insects (freshwater: caddisflies/midges), aquatic plants (small amounts).
Nest: Depression in soil, beneath heavy, thorny vegetation (roses/berry bushes). Fluffy bowl of down/grasses/twigs.
Breeding: Egg laying: Jun-mid-Aug | Clutch: 6-16 eggs | Broods: 1 | Eggs: Creamy buff or light pink | Incubation: 28-30 days.
Lifespan: At least 18 years, 1 month.
Population: Global breeding population estimated at 400,000 individuals.

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Black Scoter (Melanitta americana)

Identification: Drake all jet black, orange knob at base of bill. Hen dark brown, pale face and delineated dark cap.
Compare: White-winged Scoters have a white patch in the wing that Black Scoters lack. The orange bill knob in Black Scoters is distinctive. Hen Black Scoter have a pale face and delineated dark cap.
Status and Movements: The Black Scoter is an uncommon breeding migrant and abundant coastal winter resident in Alaska. It nests near western tundra lakes from May to August, wintering heavily along ice-free shorelines.
Behavior: Dives for shellfish/mussels (winter); marsh insects (summer). Drakes vocal, croon. Monogamous, males closely guard mates.
Flocking: Black Scoters gather in moderate to large flocks, maintaining tight, often crescent-shaped flight patterns. They exhibit strong, direct flight with steady, powerful wingbeats, frequently moving low over the water in cohesive groups.
Habitat: Coastal ocean waters, bays, inland lakes/rivers, boreal forest lakes, shallow water, rocky bottoms.
Range: Breeds far north boreal forest/tundra; winters Atlantic/Pacific coasts, Great Lakes, inland waters, scarce southern US.
Diet: Mollusks (mussels, clams, scallop), crustaceans, insects/larvae, fish eggs, marine vegetation (eelgrass).
Nest: Depression on ground, grassy/sheltered spot, usually <100 feet from water. Lined with female’s down feathers.
Breeding: Egg laying: mid-May – mid-Aug | Clutch: 8-9 eggs | Broods: 1 | Eggs: Off-white to pinkish buff | Incubation: 27-28 days.
Lifespan: At least 10 years, 6 months.
Population: Global breeding population estimated at 900,000 individuals.

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Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis)

Identification: Drake: stunning black/white in winter; dark/white face patch summer. Extravagantly long tail plumes (male). Hen/immature smudgy brown/white, brown crown/cheek patch, dark bill.
Compare: Shares the long and slender tail feathers with the Northern Pintail, but the head color pattern and bill color are different.
Status and Movements: The Long-tailed Duck is an abundant breeding migrant and winter resident in Alaska. Tundra breeders arrive in May and depart by October, joining massive wintering flocks along the coastlines.
Behavior: The Long-tailed Duck is a strong swimmer, active diver, often reaching 200 feet deep to forage. Thought monogamous; pairs lasting many seasons.
Flocking: Highly social when not breeding. Can form large flocks, often far offshore. Occasionally mixes with other diving duck species. Flight erratic.
Habitat: Long-tailed Ducks occupy arctic wetlands, tundra, freshwater lakes, ocean coasts, large freshwater lakes, protected bays.
Diet: Marine crustaceans, aquatic insects, mussels, small fish, zooplankton, fairy shrimp, fish eggs, plant matter.
Nest: Shallow depression in ground, lined with dwarf willow/birch leaves. Located in clusters on arctic islands/peninsulas.
Breeding: Egg laying: late May-early Jul | Clutch: 6-9 eggs | Broods: 1 | Eggs: Pale gray to olive | Incubation: 24-29 days
Lifespan: At least 17 years.
Population: Global breeding population estimated at 3.2 million individuals.

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Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola)

Identification: Drake: White body, black back, glossy green/purple head, large white patch. Hen/immature: gray-brown, oval white cheek patch.
Compare: Drake Hooded Mergansers have cinnamon (not white) sides and a longer, thinner bill than Drake Buffleheads. The hen Bufflehead has a dark round head and single white patch on the cheek.
Status and Movements: The Bufflehead is a common breeding migrant and winter resident in Alaska. Interior cavity-nesters arrive in late April and depart by October, while southern coastal populations remain stable all winter.
Behavior: The Bufflehead dives underwater for aquatic invertebrates. Monogamous; pairs often last several years. Males rapidly bob heads courting hens.
Flocking: Buffleheads are typically found in small, scattered groups or pairs, rarely forming large flocks. Their flight is remarkably fast and erratic, characterized by rapid, whirring wingbeats and sudden, darting movements, especially when flushed.
Habitat: Buffleheads occupy boreal forests, aspen parkland lakes/ponds. Winter: shallow saltwater bays, estuaries, large lakes, inland ponds.
Range: Breeds Canada/Alaska boreal forest; isolated western U.S. populations. Winters coasts/large inland waters across southern North America.
Diet: Aquatic invertebrates, shrimp, crabs, mussels, fish eggs, small fish. Plant seeds (pondweeds/bulrushes).
Nest: Nests exclusively in tree cavities, primarily old Northern Flicker holes. Female lines cavity with down.
Breeding: Egg laying: late Apr-mid-Jul | Clutch: 4-17 eggs | Eggs: Cream-colored or buff; unmarked.
Lifespan: At least 18 years, 8 months.
Population: Global breeding population estimated at 1.3 million individuals.

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Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus)

Identification: Male slate blue, white stripes, chestnut sides. White crescent face, chestnut brow. Female grayish-brown, white around bill/eye/cheek spot.
Compare: Drake in breeding plumage is unmistakable. Harlequin female and male in non-breeding plumage are similar to a female Surf Scoter, but Harlequins are smaller and have a different bill. Female Bufflehead is smaller.
Status and Movements: The Harlequin Duck is a common breeding migrant and abundant year-round coastal resident in Alaska. It moves inland to fast-flowing rivers to breed from May to August, wintering on rocky coastlines.
Behavior: Dive for aquatic invertebrates often in turbulent water. Excellent swimmer, maintains position in rough conditions. Monogamous, pair bonds long-term.
Flocking: Highly social nonbreeding season. Forms large groups at food-rich areas. Flocks bob in strings or small groups on water.
Habitat: Rocky windswept coasts, mountain streams, whitewater rivers, forested areas, subalpine habitats.
Range: Breeds whitewater rivers (North/West). Winters rocky coasts Pacific Northwest/Atlantic Northeast.
Diet: Aquatic invertebrates: insects (midges), crustaceans (crabs, barnacles, amphipods), snails, mussels, limpets, periwinkles, small fish, fish eggs.
Nest: On cliff ledges, tree holes, or ground. Materials: conifer needles, moss, leaf litter, stones; lined with down.
Breeding: Egg laying: late Apr-May (West), May-Jul (East) | Clutch: 4-8 eggs | Broods: 1 | Eggs: Pale creamy to pale buff | Incubation: 27-29 days.
Lifespan: At least 20 years, 9 months.
Population: Global breeding population estimated at 170,000 individuals.

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Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula)

Identification: Drake: Green-black head, round white spot, radiant amber eye, crisp black/white body/wings. Hen: Chocolate head, bright eye, gray body.
Compare: Barrow’s Goldeneyes have an oval or crescent-shaped white spot behind the bill whereas the spot on Drake Common Goldeneyes is round. Barrow’s also have a black spur on the side that Common Goldeneyes lack. Learn the subtle field marks to distinguish the Common Goldeneye from the Barrow’s Goldeneye.
Status and Movements: The Common Goldeneye is a common breeding migrant and winter resident in Alaska. Cavity-nesting pairs arrive inland in April, while substantial populations winter on ice-free coastal and southern waters.
Behavior: Diving duck. The Common Goldeneye forages in flocks that often perform synchronized dives. Drakes display (head backward/forward) courting females.
Flocking: Forms small, loose flocks or linear formations, flying with strong, direct, and swift movements. Their rapid, whirring wingbeats propel them quickly across the water, often in cohesive, though not dense, groups of a few dozen.
Habitat: Boreal forest, tree cavities, lakes, rivers, wetlands. Winter: Protected coastal waters, large inland lakes.
Range: Breeds Canada/Alaska boreal forest, some US states. Winters Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf coasts, large inland waters.
Diet: Aquatic invertebrates. Vegetation: seeds/tubers (pondweeds, bulrush).
Nest: The Common Goldeneye nests in tree cavities (natural/woodpecker holes) or nest boxes. Female lines cavity/bowl with down feathers.
Breeding: Egg laying: early Apr-mid-Jul | Clutch: 4-9 eggs | Broods: 1 | Eggs: Greenish to olive-green | Incubation: 27-33 days.
Lifespan: At least 20 years, 5 months.
Population: Global breeding population estimated at 2.5 million individuals.

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Barrow’s Goldeneye (Bucephala islandica)

Identification: Male: black/white, purplish head, long white crescent face, white shoulder “windows,” bright yellow eye. Female: cool gray, coppery head, mostly yellow bill.
Compare: Barrow’s Goldeneyes have an oval or crescent-shaped white spot behind the bill whereas the spot on Drake Common Goldeneyes is round. Barrow’s also have a black spur on the side that Common Goldeneyes lack. Learn the subtle field marks to distinguish the Common Goldeneye from the Barrow’s Goldeneye.
Status and Movements: The Barrow’s Goldeneye is a common breeding migrant and abundant winter resident in Alaska. Centered heavily south, breeders move inland from April to September, wintering in massive coastal aggregations.
Behavior: Active diver, forages on invertebrate prey. Flight swift, rapid wingbeats. Males perform acrobatic courtship displays around females in winter/spring.
Flocking: Flocks during winter on coasts/large lakes. Often remains out of sight of land.
Habitat: Shallow freshwater lakes, mountain ponds, sloughs, remote boreal/montane forests. Winters: rocky marine coastlines.
Range: Breeds western North America mountains/forests (Canada/Alaska). Winters, rocky coasts, large inland lakes.
Nest: Nests in tree cavities (old woodpecker holes) or nest boxes. Female uses wood shavings.
Breeding: Egg laying: early Apr-mid-Jul | Clutch: 6-12 | Broods: 1 | Eggs: bluish green to olive-green eggs | Incubation: 29-31 days
Lifespan: At least 18 years.
Population: Estimated at 190,000 individuals.

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Subgroup: Mergansers (Sawbill Ducks)

The Mergansers are easily distinguished by their thin, streamlined bills that are serrated, or “saw-toothed,” which gives them their nickname, “Sawbill Ducks.” This specialized bill is an adaptation for their nearly exclusive diet of fish. While they are powerful divers like the rest of the group, Mergansers in the State of Alaska can be found in a variety of habitats, from freshwater lakes and rivers (Hooded Merganser) to saltwater estuaries (Red-breasted Merganser).

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Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus)

Identification: Drake: black/white patterns, chestnut flanks, large white patch on black, fan-shaped crest. Hen/immature: gray/brown with tawny-cinnamon crest.
Compare: Drake Buffleheads have a white belly and sides whereas Drake Hooded Mergansers have cinnamon sides and a longer and thinner bill. Buffleheads are smaller. Hens Hooded Merganser are darker and smaller than hens Red-breasted and Common Mergansers.
Status and Movements: The Hooded Merganser is an uncommon breeding migrant and rare winter resident in Alaska. Localized to the southeast panhandle, it arrives in April to nest and mostly departs by November.
Behavior: Busy diver. Drakes court expanding crests, making low, groaning calls. Not known if pairs reunite post-incubation. Runs across water to fly.
Flocking: Hooded Mergansers typically fly in small, often single-file groups, rarely forming large congregations. They exhibit very fast, direct flight with rapid, shallow wingbeats, displaying surprising agility as they navigate waterways with heads held low.
Habitat: Forested wetlands, small ponds, rivers, lakes, marshes, protected saltwater bays.
Range: Breeds eastern half/Pacific Northwest North America. Winters large fresh/brackish bays, US inland waters.
Diet: Small fish, aquatic insects, crustaceans, amphibians, mollusks, vegetation.
Nest: Tree cavity (live/dead tree, 10–90 feet high) or nest box. Female adds down to shallow bowl in cavity.
Breeding: Egg laying: Feb-early May | Clutch: 5-13 eggs | Broods: 1 brood | Eggs: White, thick shelled | Incubation: 26-41 days
Lifespan: At least 14 years, 6 months.
Population: Estimated at 1.1 million individuals.

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Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator)

Identification: Drake: dark green shaggy crest, red bill/eye, rusty chest, white neck band. Hen/nonbreeding male: brownish gray, brown shaggy head.
Compare: Breeding Drake Common Mergansers have white sides and a white breast whereas Drake Red-breasted Mergansers have gray sides and a cinnamon breast. Hen/nonbreeding male Common Merganser have a neat head/neck border colors; these colors blend into each other in Red-breasted Merganser. Learn the subtle field marks to distinguish the Female Common Merganser from the Female Red-breasted Merganser.
Status and Movements: The Red-breasted Merganser is a common breeding migrant and coastal winter resident in Alaska. Arriving on tundra rivers in May, it migrates to marine coastlines to winter through April.
Behavior: Dives underwater capturing prey with serrated bill. Non-territorial, social. Sits low in water. Requires running start to become airborne.
Flocking: The Red-breasted Merganser often flies in small, loose flocks or irregular lines, demonstrating strong, direct flight close to the water. Their flight is rapid and powerful, with quick wingbeats.
Habitat: Boreal forest, fresh/brackish/saltwater wetlands (breeding). Oceans, lakes, rivers, estuaries, bays (winter).
Range: Breeds boreal forest, typically near coast. Winters US coastal waters, Mexico, large inland lakes.
Diet: Small fish (4–6 inches long), crustaceans, insects, tadpoles.
Nest: Depression on ground under dense cover (logs/boulders/branches). Lined with dead grasses, insulating down feathers. Nests alone or in colonies.
Breeding: Egg laying: mid-May – mid-Jul | Clutch: 3-24 eggs | Broods: 1 brood | Eggs: Olive-buff | Incubation: 28-35 days.
Lifespan: At least 9 years, 6 months.
Population: Estimated at 370,000 individuals.

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Common Merganser (Mergus merganser)

Identification: Breeding Drake: gleaming white body, dark iridescent-green head, slender red bill. Hen: gray body, rusty-cinnamon head, short crest. Males wear nonbreeding plumage (late summer to mid-autumn) similar to female.
Compare: Breeding Drake Common Mergansers have white sides and a white breast whereas Drake Red-breasted Mergansers have gray sides and a cinnamon breast. Hen Common Merganser have a neat border (blended in Red-breasted) between cinnamon head and pale neck/breast. Learn the subtle field marks to distinguish the Female Common Merganser from the Female Red-breasted Merganser.
Status and Movements: The Common Merganser is a common breeding migrant and hardy winter resident in Alaska. Forested river breeders arrive in April, while coastal and southern populations remain present throughout the winter.
Behavior: Dive underwater to catch fish. Hen cares for chicks; Drakes gather in large flocks. Foraging: probe sediments/stones with serrated bill.
Flocking: Forms large flocks in winter on large inland reservoirs/rivers. Flocks may include other diving ducks (Bufflehead, goldeneyes). Up to 75 individuals.
Habitat: Northern forested habitats, large lakes, rivers. Winter: large lakes, rivers, reservoirs, coastal bays, estuaries.
Range: Breeds northern North America rivers/lakes. Winters southern/coastal regions, US states. The Common Merganser is widespread.
Movements: Winters on large lakes/rivers, moving to coasts/southern regions of range.
Diet: Fish, aquatic invertebrates (insects, mollusks, crustaceans, worms), frogs, small mammals, birds, plants.
Nest: Tree cavity (natural or woodpecker hole) or nest box. Hen uses wood chips/shavings, lines with breast down.
Breeding: Egg laying: mid Apr-early Aug | Clutch: 6-17 eggs | Broods: 1 | Eggs: White, creamy, or ivory yellow | Incubation: 28-35 days.
Lifespan: At least 13 years, 5 months.
Population: Global breeding population estimated at 1.9 million individuals.

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Subgroup: Stiff-Tailed Ducks

The Stiff-Tailed Ducks are a small, distinctive group named for their unique, rigid tail feathers that are often held upright like a sail when the birds are at rest or displaying. These ducks are highly aquatic and arguably the most specialized diving ducks in North America.

They have compact bodies, thick necks, and legs positioned so far back that they are nearly incapable of walking on land. Consequently, they spend almost their entire lives on the water, where they dive frequently and expertly propel themselves using their large feet. In Alaska, the group is represented almost exclusively by the Ruddy Duck, a relatively common winter visitor.

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Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis)

Identification: Drake summer: chestnut body, sky-blue bill, white cheek, black cap. Winter male/Hen: dull gray-brown, blurry cheek stripe. Compact, stiff tail often held upright.
Compare: Hen Black Scoters are larger and do not hold their tail upwards like Ruddy Ducks do. Hen Buffleheads are smaller.
Status and Movements: The Ruddy Duck is a casual transient visitor in Alaska. This stiff-tailed species appears rarely and unpredictably in southern wetlands, primarily documented during spring or fall migrations from May to September.
Behavior: Dive for aquatic invertebrates. Forages mostly nocturnally. Highly aggressive, often fight others. Courtship: bill striking neck creates water bubbles.
Flocking: The Ruddy Duck is a reluctant flyer, typically seen alone or in small groups. When aloft, it flies low over water with rapid, stiff wingbeats in a direct path, preferring to dive when disturbed.
Habitat: Marshes, reservoirs, large lakes, prairie potholes, brackish bays, coastal estuaries, ponds.
Range: Breeds prairie pothole region/western US. Winters in the southern US, extending through Mexico to Central America.
Diet: Midge larvae, aquatic insects, crustaceans, zooplankton, worms, snails. Aquatic plants (pondweed, bulrushes), seeds.
Nest: Dry plant materials platform becomes bowl-like. Female weaves vegetation canopy over nest. Built 2–10 inches over water in cattails.
Breeding: Egg laying: Late March through May | Clutch: 3-13 eggs | Broods: 1-2 | Eggs: White/yellowish white, pebbly | Incubation: 20-26 days.
Lifespan: At least 13 years, 7 months.
Population: Global breeding population estimated at 1.3 million individuals.

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GEESE OF ALASKA

Geese are easily distinguished from ducks by their larger size, longer necks, and more upright posture. Unlike ducks, geese are primarily grazers, spending much of their feeding time on land, eating grass and other short vegetation. They also form strong, lasting pair bonds and travel in tight-knit family units, giving them a much different social structure than most ducks.

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Canada Goose (Branta canadensis)

Identification: Black head, white cheeks/chinstrap, black neck, brown back. Adults: tan breast.
Compare: Cackling Geese are smaller with a smaller bill and a shorter neck than Canada Goose. Cackling Geese also have a blockier head and steeper forehead than Canada Geese. Learn the subtle field marks to distinguish the Cackling Goose from the Canada Goose.
Status and Movements: The Canada Goose is an abundant breeding migrant and localized winter resident in Alaska. Flooding northward in April to nest, most depart by October, though coastal populations winter in the south.
Behavior: Dabbling in water or grazing fields/lawns. Mate for life, pairs remain together year-round. Highly social; defend territory aggressively during breeding.
Flocking: The Canada Goose is highly gregarious, flying in large, organized V-formations or wavy lines with powerful, rhythmic wingbeats. Their flight is strong and purposeful, covering vast distances during migration at a steady pace.
Habitat: Lakes, rivers, ponds, marshes, yards, park lawns, farm fields, airports, golf courses.
Range: Widespread North American distribution. Migrates north/south; increasing resident populations in urban/suburban areas. The Canada Goose is common and widespread.
Diet: Grasses, sedges, eelgrass, berries, seeds, agricultural grains (corn, wheat).
Nest: Large open cup on ground. Dry grasses, mosses, lichens, plant material. Lined with down/body feathers. Elevated site near water.
Breeding: Egg laying: Apr-mid-May | Clutch: 2-8 eggs | Broods: 1 brood | Eggs: Creamy white | Incubation: 25-28 days.
Lifespan: At least 33 years, 3 months.
Population: Population estimated at 7.1 million individuals.

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Cackling Goose (Branta hutchinsii)

Identification: Small, short-necked, round head, stubby-billed goose. Size and shape are best identification clues. Four subspecies involved.
Compare: Usually very similar in plumage to Canada Goose, but some Cackling have a more prominent white neck collar. Some are only slightly larger than a Mallard while some can be only slightly smaller than a Canada Goose. Learn the subtle field marks to distinguish the Cackling Goose from the Canada Goose.
Status and Movements: The Cackling Goose is an abundant breeding migrant in Alaska. Nesting in dense tundra colonies along western coasts from May to August, the entire population migrates south by late September.
Behavior: Dabbling in water or grazing fields/lawns. Pairs remain together year-round. Highly social.
Flocking: Associate in large flocks. Flocks assume V formation in flight. Flights involve loose family aggregations.
Habitat: Grassy field, rivers, ponds, marshes, yards, park lawns, farm fields.
Range: Each subspecies breed in separate regions of the far north in Canada and Alaska. Increasing resident populations in urban/suburban areas.
Nest: Large open cup on ground. Dry grasses, mosses, lichens, plant material. Lined with down/body feathers.
Breeding: Egg laying: mid May-mid-July | Clutch: 2-8 eggs | Broods: 1 brood | Eggs: Creamy white | Incubation: 25-28 days.
Lifespan: At least 22 years, 8 months.
Population: Population estimated at 3 million individuals.

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Brant Goose (Branta bernicla)

Identification: Compact goose, black head/neck/breast, white necklace variable. Brown body, white undertail. Juveniles: pale fringes on wing coverts, little/no white neck markings.
Compare: All forms of Canada and Cackling Geese have a white cheek or chinstrap that Brant lack. The black neck of the Brant extends to the upper breast.
Status and Movements: The Brant Goose is a common breeding migrant and major coastal staging transient in Alaska. Tundra breeders arrive in May; massive flocks utilize coastal lagoons during spring and autumn staging periods.
Behavior: The Brant Goose is socially monogamous, pairs stay for life. Forages grazing/tipping up. Males follow females to natal areas. Highly territorial/aggressive in colonies.
Flocking: Spends most of the year in flocks. Flocks form tight swarm-like groupings. Flocks less linear than Canada Geese skeins.
Habitat: Arctic marshlands, islands, tundra (breeding). Coastal lagoons, estuaries, mudflats, saltmarshes, ocean shores (winter). Upland fields, golf courses, parks (recently).
Range: The Brant Goose breeds Arctic tundra/islands. Winters Pacific/Atlantic coasts (British Columbia to Baja California, New England to North Carolina).
Diet: Brant Geese feed on eelgrass, large green algae (winter/migration). Grasses, sedges, mosses, pondweed, arrowgrass (breeding).
Nest: Depression on ground. Near water/grassy feeding areas. Lined with grass, willow leaves, female down.
Breeding: Egg laying: mid May-late-Jul | Clutch: 3-5 eggs | Broods: 1 brood | Eggs: Buffy, creamy white, or pale olive | Incubation: 23-24 days.
Lifespan: Over 27 years, 6 months.
Population: Estimated at 220,000 individuals.

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Snow Goose (Anser caerulescens)

Identification: White body, black wingtips visible in flight. Pink bill has dark “grinning patch.” Dark morph (“Blue Goose”): white face, dark brown body. Juveniles slightly smaller/grayer.
Compare: Ross’s Goose is smaller with a much smaller bill than Snow Goose. Lacks Snow Goose’s black line or “grinning patch” on bill. Learn the subtle field marks to distinguish the Snow Goose from the Ross’s Goose.
Status and Movements: The Snow Goose is an abundant spring and fall transient in Alaska. Millions pass through coastal and interior staging areas during April and May, returning southbound from August through October.
Behavior: Forages digging up roots/tubers (muddy areas) or grazing. Highly social, forms immense flocks. Females incubate; males guard.
Flocking: The Snow Goose forms immense, often chaotic, flocks numbering in the thousands. Their flight is strong and erratic, often appearing as undulating masses or loose V-formations, creating a cacophony as they move purposefully.
Habitat: Arctic tundra, ponds, shallow lakes, coastal salt marshes, streams, agricultural fields, wetlands, grasslands, marine inlets.
Range: Breeds Canadian/Alaskan Arctic tundra. Winters US/Mexico coasts, inland areas, agricultural fields.
Diet: Grasses, sedges, rushes, forbs, horsetails, shrubs, willows, roots, tubers, seeds, agricultural grains.
Nest: Female builds simple scrape, adds down, plant material (sea-lyme grass, eelgrass, willow, birch, seaweed).
Breeding: Egg laying: late May-early Jul | Clutch: 2-6 eggs | Broods: 1 brood | Eggs: Creamy white (staining dirty gray) | Incubation: 24 days.
Lifespan: At least 30 years, 8 months.
Population: Estimated at 16 million individuals.

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Greater White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons)

Identification: Adults brown, white around the base of pinkish-orange bill, black belly barring, dark tail forms a “U” with upper/undertail coverts. Juveniles lack belly barring/white face feathers.
Compare: Canada Goose neck and head are black. Greater White-fronted Goose has the bill and legs pink-orange.
Status and Movements: The Greater White-fronted Goose is an abundant breeding migrant in Alaska. Arriving rapidly in late April, it nests across arctic tundra before departing south in large flocks by late September.
Behavior: Forages fields/lakes in groups. First to flush when disturbed. Forms long-term pair bonds, stay together year-round.
Flocking: The Greater White-fronted Goose gathers in moderate to large flocks, migrating in less rigid V-formations or undulating lines. Their flight is strong and direct, with deliberate wingbeats, maintaining a consistent speed over long distances.
Habitat: Tundra wetlands, rivers, ponds, sedge meadows, tidal mudflats, agricultural fields, lakes, marshes.
Range: Breeds tundra. Migrates/winters mainly west of Mississippi, California, Texas, Louisiana.
Diet: Sedges, grasses, berries, plant tubers (summer). Seeds, grain, grasses (winter).
Nest: Scrape in ground, densely covered by grass/sedge/dwarf shrubs near water/upland tundra. Lined with plant material/down.
Breeding: Egg laying: late May-early Jul | Clutch: 1-8 eggs | Broods: 1 brood | Eggs: White to tan, stained | Incubation: 22-27 days.
Lifespan: At least 25 years, 6 months.
Population: Estimated at 2.1 million individuals.

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SWANS OF ALASKA

Swans are the largest species of waterfowl, easily distinguished from both ducks and geese by their truly massive size, pure white plumage, and exceptionally long necks. They are perhaps the most elegant of all water birds, known for their signature “S” curve of their necks when swimming. Unlike native swans, which are migratory, the introduced Mute Swan is primarily an ornamental species, often found on private and public ponds throughout Alaska.

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Tundra Swan (Cygnus columbianus)

Identification: Entirely white plumage, black bill, usually yellow spot near the eye. Neck straight. Immature gray-tinged on wings/head/neck.
Compare: Most Trundra Swans have a yellow spot near the eye in contrast to an all-black bill of the Trumpeter Swan, which is larger in size. The border separating the bill and forehead is “V” shaped in Trumpeter Swan and more “U” shaped in Tundra Swan. Learn the subtle field marks to distinguish the Trumpeter Swan from the Tundra Swan.
Status and Movements: The Tundra Swan is an abundant breeding migrant in Alaska. Arriving on frozen wetlands in April, it breeds across coastal tundra before migrating to southern states by mid-October.
Behavior: Form lifelong pairs, feed/roost together year-round. Tip up for submerged vegetation. Pairs defend territory.
Flocking: Forms large, gregarious flocks when not breeding. Fly with necks outstretched; wings make characteristic whistling sound. Flocks forage/roost together.
Habitat: Arctic tundra, river deltas, pools, lakes, ponds, estuaries, coastal waters, agricultural fields.
Range: Nests Arctic tundra (Alaska/Canada). Winters US coastal/inland waters.
Diet: Plant matter, tubers, stems, leaves, seeds, pondweed, sedges, algae, mollusks, arthropods, agricultural grains (corn/soybeans/rice).
Nest: Mound of vegetation (grasses/sedges/lichens). Built on island or elevated tundra ridge near large water body.
Breeding: Egg laying: May-mid-Jul | Clutch: 3-5 eggs | Broods: 1 brood | Eggs: Creamy white, stained tan | Incubation: 31-32 days.
Lifespan: At least 23 years, 7 months.
Population: Population estimated at 280,000 individuals.

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Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator)

Identification: Adults entirely snowy white, black bill, black legs. Immatures gray-brown. Largest waterfowl species in North America.
Compare: Most Trundra Swans have a yellow spot near the eye in contrast to an all-black bill of the Trumpeter Swan, which is larger in size. The border separating the bill and forehead is “V” shaped in Trumpeter Swan and more “U” shaped in Tundra Swan. Learn the subtle field marks to distinguish the Trumpeter Swan from the Tundra Swan.
Status and Movements: The Trumpeter Swan is a common breeding migrant and coastal winter resident in Alaska. Interior breeders arrive in April and depart by October, wintering heavily along ice-free southern coastlines.
Behavior: Trumpeter swans forage in shallow water, tips up for aquatic vegetation. Form lifelong pair bonds; pairs stay together year-round.
Flocking: Travels in pairs/family groups. Flocks fly lower than other swans/ducks. Needs 100-yard open water “runway” for takeoff.
Habitat: Shallow freshwater ponds, lakes, marshes, rivers. Winter: ice-free streams, estuaries, reservoirs.
Range: Breeds Alaska, Canada, northwestern US, Midwest/Great Lakes. Winters ice-free coastal/inland waters.
Diet: Aquatic plants (pondweeds, wild rice, duckweed). Terrestrial plants, berries, grain crops (corn, barley).
Nest: Mound built on muskrat/beaver dens, islands, or manmade platforms. Foundation of aquatic vegetation.
Breeding: Egg laying: late Apr-late Jul | Clutch: 4-6 eggs | Broods: 1 brood | Eggs: Creamy to dull white, often stained brown | Incubation: 32-37 days.
Lifespan: At least 26 years, 2 months.
Population: Estimated at 63,000 individuals. The Trumpeter Swan population is recovering.

For a complete North American guide covering the lineage, identification keys of confusing domestic and invasive species, please consult our in-depth article: Beyond the Mallard: A North American Guide to Urban Ducks, Geese, and Hybrids.

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Alaska Waterfowl Hotspots: Top 5 Locations for Viewing

Alaska’s diverse aquatic habitats support substantial concentrations of ducks, geese, and swans. From expansive coastal wetlands to interior river systems, these pristine environments provide critical stopover and nesting grounds for millions of migratory birds.

• Potter Marsh Bird Sanctuary: Located at the southern edge of Anchorage, this freshwater coastal marsh offers accessible viewing boardwalks. It serves as a major spring staging and nesting area, reliably attracting high concentrations of Northern Pintail, Green-winged Teal, and nesting Trumpeter Swan pairs from May through September.
• Creamer’s Field Migratory Waterfowl Refuge: Situated in the heart of Fairbanks, this historic dairy farm features a mix of broad fields, shallow seasonal wetlands, and boreal forest. It is world-renowned for welcoming massive spring aggregations of migratory Greater White-fronted Goose, Snow Goose, and Canada Goose flocks every April.
• Mendenhall Wetlands State Game Refuge: Found along the Gastineau Channel in Juneau, this expansive intertidal estuary contains critical salt marshes and tidal flats. The nutrient-rich environment provides essential wintering and migratory habitat for large numbers of Surf Scoter, Mallard, and Vancouver Canada Goose populations.
• Izembek National Wildlife Refuge: Positioned at the tip of the Alaska Peninsula near Cold Bay, this refuge protects one of the world’s largest eelgrass beds. These marine lagoons host nearly the entire global population of Brant Goose, alongside staggering autumn numbers of Steller’s Eider and Emperor Goose.
• Copper River Delta: Stretching across the south-central coast near Cordova, this massive wetland complex constitutes the largest contiguous Pacific coast shorebird and waterfowl stopover. Its network of tidal sloughs and sedge marshes supports globally significant nesting populations of Dusky Canada Goose, Trumpeter Swan, and Northern Shoveler.

Waterfowl of Conservation Concern and Decline in Alaska

Several waterfowl species are facing significant population declines, resulting in high conservation rankings:

• Red Alert Tipping Point Species: The State of the Birds report highlights multiple sea duck species breeding across the subarctic tundra and taiga as Red Alert Tipping Point species, signifying that they have lost 50% or more of their population since 1970 and are projected to lose an additional 50% over the next half-century without intervention. Specifically, the King Eider and Black Scoter have experienced cumulative population losses of approximately 30% across the broader sea duck group. Concurrently, the Northern Pintail has faced severe continental tailspins since its peak in the late 1950s, experiencing a steep, multi-decade cumulative decline that keeps it consistently below target levels established by the North American Waterfowl Management Plan.

Key Threats to Waterfowl Populations

Conservation efforts focus on mitigating several major threats spanning habitat loss, pollution, biological pressures, and climate change:

1. Habitat Loss and Degradation
   Wetland loss and degradation due to rising global temperatures, localized industrial resource extraction, and coastal modifications represent a widespread challenge.

• Permafrost Thaw and Coastal Erosion: For the King Eider and Northern Pintail, rapid permafrost degradation in northern Alaska is causing arctic tundra wetlands to drain catastrophically or dry out completely. This loss of shallow seasonal wetlands directly strips these birds of vital macroinvertebrate foraging grounds required for successful nesting and chick rearing. Additionally, rising sea levels and intensifying storm surges induce severe coastal erosion across vital low-lying staging grounds, degrading the marine lagoons and eelgrass beds these species rely upon for migration energy reserves.

2. Biological and Ecological Threats

• Hybridization and Range Displacements: Changing climate dynamics are driving a pronounced northward shift in the breeding ranges of more aggressive, generalist species. The northward expansion of the ubiquitous Mallard into pristine subarctic and boreal ecosystems has accelerated competition for optimal, limited nesting cavities and territory. This geographic overlap increases the risk of interbreeding and genetic dilution with closely related, monochromatic species or isolated regional waterfowl populations. It also forces more sensitive, habitat-specific wilderness ducks out of secure nesting locations, further lowering overall reproductive success.

Read more about the Conservation Status of North American Ducks, Geese, and Swans.

Conclusion:

The identification guide for the 37 ducks, geese, and swans of the State of Alaska is based on the principles of citizen science. The species records included in this guide are largely derived from observations submitted by bird enthusiasts participating in the eBird project of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

This guide helps you distinguish male, female, and juvenile plumages through clear illustrations. Familiarize yourself with these waterfowl to improve your identification skills and enhance your outdoor experiences.

Photo Credits:

The photographic material used in this guide was made available on various websites. Many thanks to Andrew Morffew, Mark Mochell, Elizabeth Milson, Emily Chen, Dennis Church, Wendy Miller, Ken Slade, John Benson, Mick Thompson, Steve Guttman, Nicole Beaulac, Andy Reago, Chrissy McLaren, Garry C., Shawn Taylor, Steve Kersting, Gary Leaven, Vicky DeLoach, Don Hoechlin, Tom Murray, Kevin Krebs, Deborah Freeman, Kenneth Cole-Schneider, Doug Greenberg, Ian Preston, Brian Garrett, John Strung, Becky Matsubara, Judy Gallagher, Bob Jensen, Veit, Sand Diego Zoo, David Inman, Dan Mooney, Ian Preston, Lloyd Davis, Denis Fournier, Gregory Heaton, Greg Lavaty, Dona Hilkey, Alain Doyle, Aaron Maizlish, Ashley Tubs, Richard George, Ethan Gosnell, Nick, , Steve Valasek, Mitch Walters, , and Julio Mulero.

Voices:

Most recordings were obtain from: (Xeno-canto https://xeno-canto.org/)

References and Sources:

• Allaboutbirds.org
• eBird. (https://ebird.org/)
• Birds of the World: https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/home
• Gill, Frank B., 1994. Ornithology – 2nd Edition, W. H. Freeman and Company.
• Sibley, David, 2000, The Sibley Guide to Birds. Alfred A. Knopf, Publisher.
• Species Longevity Data: United States Geological Survey (https://www.usgs.gov/)
• The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behavior, 2001. Chris Elphick, John Dunning, and David Sibley (eds). Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

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